1993

Anatomical substrates of auditory selective attention: behavioral and electrophysiological effects of posterior association cortex lesions

ABSTRACT

Even-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) were recorded in an auditory selective attention task in control subjects and two groups of patients with lesions centered in (1) the temporal/parietal junction (T/P, n = 9); and (2) the inferior parietal lobe (IPL, n = 7). High pitched tones were presented to one ear and low pitched tones to the other in random sequences that included infrequent longer-duration tones and occasional novel sounds. Subjects attended to a specified ear and pressed a button to the longer-duration tones in that ear. IPL and T/P lesions slowed reaction times (RTs) and increased error rates, but improved one aspect of performance — patients showed less distraction than controls when targets followed novel sounds. T/P lesions reduced the amplitude of early sensory ERPs, initially over the damaged hemisphere (N1a, 70–110 ms) and then bilaterally (N1b, 110–130 ms, and N1c 130–160 ms). The reduction was accentuated for tones presented contralateral to the lesion, suggesting that N1 generators receive excitatory input primarily from the contralateral ear. IPL lesions reduced N1 amplitudes to both low frequency tones and novel sounds. Nd components associated with attentional selection were diminished over both hemispheres in the T/P group and over the lesioned hemisphere in the IPL group independent of ear of stimulation. Target and novel N2s tended to be diminished by IPL lesions but were unaffected by T/P lesions. The mismatch negativity was unaffected by either T/P or IPL lesions. The results support different roles of T/P and IPL cortex in auditory selective attention.

AUTHORS

  • David L. Woods

  • Robert T. Knight

  • Donatella Scabini

Date: 1993

DOI: 10.1016/0926-6410(93)90007-R

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A dry electrode for EEG recording

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1NRj6LHUJcfP6gv7BRXK7cbeVT8uodgpT

Abstract:

This paper describes the design, fabrication and testing of a prototype dry surface electrode for EEG signal recording. The new dry electrode has the advantages of no need for skin preparation or conductive paste, potential for reduced sensitivity to motion artifacts and an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. The electrode's sensing element is a 3 mm stainless steel disk which has a 2000 A (200 nm) thick nitride coating deposited onto one side. The back side of the disk is attached to an impedance converting amplifier. The prototype electrode was mounted on a copper plate attached to the scalp by a Velcro strap. The performance of this prototype dry electrode was compared to commercially available wet electrodes in 3 areas of electroencephalogram (EEG) recording: (1) spontaneous EEG, (2) sensory evoked potentials, and (3) cognitive evoked potentials. In addition to the raw EEG, the power spectra of the signals from both types of electrodes were also recorded. The results suggest that the dry electrode performs comparably to conventional electrodes for all types of EEG signal analysis. This new electrode may be useful for the production of high resolution surface maps of brain activity where a large number of electrodes or prolonged recording times are required.

Anatomical substrates of auditory selective attention: behavioral and electrophysiological effects of posterior association cortex lesions

Authors:

  • David L. Woods

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1993

PubMed: 8003922

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Abstract:

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) were recorded in an auditory selective attention task in control subjects and two groups of patients with lesions centered in (1) the temporal/parietal junction (T/P, n = 9); and (2) the inferior parietal lobe (IPL, n = 7). High pitched tones were presented to one ear and low pitched tones to the other in random sequences that included infrequent longer-duration tones and occasional novel sounds. Subjects attended to a specified ear and pressed a button to the longer-duration tones in that ear. IPL and T/P lesions slowed reaction times (RTs) and increased error rates, but improved one aspect of performance--patients showed less distraction than controls when targets followed novel sounds. T/P lesions reduced the amplitude of early sensory ERPs, initially over the damaged hemisphere (N1a, 70-110 ms) and then bilaterally (N1b, 110-130 ms, and N1c 130-160 ms). The reduction was accentuated for tones presented contralateral to the lesion, suggesting that N1 generators receive excitatory input primarily from the contralateral ear. IPL lesions reduced N1 amplitudes to both low frequency tones and novel sounds. Nd components associated with attentional selection were diminished over both hemispheres in the T/P group and over the lesioned hemisphere in the IPL group independent of ear of stimulation. Target and novel N2s tended to be diminished by IPL lesions but were unaffected by T/P lesions. The mismatch negativity was unaffected by either T/P or IPL lesions. The results support different roles of T/P and IPL cortex in auditory selective attention.

Association Cortex Contributions to the Human P3

ABSTRACT

Event-related potentials (ERPs) assess the timing and neurophysiological basis of cognition in humans. The P3 ERP component (Desmedt et al., 1965; Sutton et al., 1965) has been associated with psychological constructs including orientation, attention, stimulus evaluation, and memory. The functional significance and neural generators of the P3 are under active investigation (Desmedt et al., 1979; Donchin, 1979; Hillyard and Picton, 1987).






AUTHORS

  • Shuhei Yamaguchi

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1993

DOI: doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1379-4_6

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Effects of posterior association cortex lesions on brain potentials preceding self-initiated movements

Authors:

  • Jaswinder Singh

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1993

PubMed: 8478676

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Abstract:

To assess the role of subregions of the posterior association cortex in movement control, we recorded movement-related potentials (MRPs) in patients who had lesions centered in the temporal-parietal junction (T-PCx; damaged areas 22, caudal 39, 40, and 42; n = 7), superior parietal cortex (ParCx; damaged areas 5, 7, rostral 39, and 40; n = 5), and posterior association cortex lesions involving both the temporal-parietal junction and the superior parietal structures (PosCx; damaged areas 7, 22, 39, 40, 41, and 42; n = 5) and in 14 age-matched normal controls. MRPs were recorded in a self-paced button-press task in which subjects performed a switch closure with the right, left, or both hands (experiment I, experiment II, and experiment III, respectively) under counter-balanced experimental conditions. Data epochs beginning 1400 msec prior to and extending to 600 msec after each motor response were recorded from scalp sites over the precentral, central, and parietal regions. Normal controls and patients with T-PCx lesions generated comparable vertex maximal, symmetrical readiness potentials (onset 1000 msec), contralaterally enhanced NS' values (onset 500 msec), and MP values (onset 100 msec) preceding voluntary self-paced movements. Extensive lesions involving the posterior association cortex reduced MRP amplitudes. Patients with selective ParCx lesions also had marked reduction of MRPs under all experimental conditions. The MRP findings coupled with clinical and behavioral data on patients with parietal-cortex lesions indicate that the superior parietal regions are part of a neural system necessary for movement preparation.

Factors of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as measures of frontal-lobe function in schizophrenia and in chronic alcoholism.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The scores of 22 patients with schizophrenia, 20 patients with chronic alcoholism, and 16 normal control subjects were entered into a principal components analysis, which yielded three factors: Perseveration, Inefficient Sorting, and Nonperseverative Errors. WCST performance of seven patients with lesions invading the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, available from another study, provided criterion validity for the Perseveration factor and, less strongly, for the Inefficient Sorting factor. Two patterns of performance characterized the three patient groups: the schizophrenic group and frontal lobe group had the highest Perseveration factor scores, whereas the alcoholic group had the highest Inefficient Sorting scores; the Nonperseverative Errors factor showed no significant group differences. Construct validity of these factors involved assessing, in all but the frontal group, the degree of overlap (convergent validity) and separation (discriminant validity) of each WCST factor with scores from tests of other cognitive functions. The convergent and discriminant validity of the Perseveration factor, but not the remaining two factors, received support only within the group of schizophrenic patients.






AUTHORS

  • Edith V. Sullivan

  • Daniel H. Mathalon 

  • Robert B. Zipursky

  • Zoe Kersteen-Tucker 

  • Robert T. Knight

  • Adolf Pfefferbaum

Date: 1993

DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(93)90019-D

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Differential effects of semantic and identity priming in patients with left and right hemisphere lesions

Authors:

  • Avishai Henik

  • Nina F. Dronkers

  • Robert T. Knight

  • Alicia Osimani

Date: 1993

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Abstract:

Patients with single brain lesions in the anterior or posterior left and right hemispheres and a group of controls were studied in two priming experiments. The first experiment employed associative pairs (DOCTOR-NURSE) and the second employed identical pairs (NURSE-nurse). Short and long prime-target stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) (i.e., 250 and 1850 msec) were manipulated within block in both experiments. In the first experiment, patients with left hemisphere injury showed a deficient priming effect while patients with right hemisphere injury and controls showed a normal pattern. In contrast, all groups showed an identity priming effect in the second experiment. These results indicate that while entries in the mental lexicon are available for the groups of patients studied, the spread of activation to related concepts in this lexicon is disrupted in the left hemisphere-damaged group.

Cognitive neuropsychology is more than single-case studies

Authors:

  • Lynn C. Robertson

  • Robert T. Knight

  • Robert Rafal

  • Arthur P. Shimamura

Date: 1993

PubMed: 8347215

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Abstract:

S. M. Sokol et al. (1991) claim that "The Cognitive Neuropsychology Approach" (p. 355) is limited to the single-case study design. The present article takes issue with this claim. Contrary to the beliefs of Sokol et al., we argue (a) that cognitive modularity is best studied by group design, (b) that the possibility of neural reorganization in patients should be tested through converging evidence from different populations using various methods, and (c) that cognitive neuropsychology can benefit from being a part of cognitive neuroscience where both neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying normal cognition are relevant.