1991

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Effects of temporal-parietal lesions on the somatosensory P3 to lower limb stimulation

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Authors:

  • Shuhei Yamaguchi

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1991

PubMed: 1372228

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Abstract:

Temporal-parietal junction lesions reduce the auditory and upper limb somatosensory P3 event-related potential (ERP) to target and novel stimuli. The current study examined the somatosensory P3 to target and novel stimuli delivered to the sole of the foot in patients with unilateral temporal-parietal lesions (n = 6). Age-matched controls (n = 10) generated a parietal maximal target P3 and a frontal-central maximal novelty P3 ERP to foot stimulation. Unilateral temporal-parietal lesions abolished target and novelty P3 responses over all scalp sites for stimuli delivered contralateral to the lesion. The P3 was also reduced to ipsilateral stimuli at electrodes over the lesioned hemisphere with partial P3 preservation observed at electrode sites over the non-lesioned hemisphere. These results parallel the findings for upper limb stimulation and support the critical role of temporal-parietal cortex in P3 generation.

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Anterior and posterior association cortex contributions to the somatosensory P300

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Authors:

  • Shuhei Yamaguchi

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1991

PubMed: 2066773

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Abstract:

A P300 (P3)-evoked response is generated in a variety of mammalian species upon detection of significant environmental events. The P3 component has been proposed to index a neural system involved in attention and memory capacity. We investigated the contribution of anterior and posterior association cortex to somatosensory P3 generation. Somatosensory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in controls (n = 10) and patients with unilateral lesions in temporal- parietal junction (n = 8), lateral parietal cortex (n = 8), or dorsolateral frontal cortex (n = 10). Subjects pressed a button to mechanical taps of the fifth finger (targets; p = 0.12), randomly interposed in sequences of taps to the second (standards; p = 0.76) and the third or fourth finger (tactile novels; p = 0.06). Occasional shock stimuli were delivered to the wrist (shock novels; p = 0.06). The scalp- recorded P3 was differentially affected by anterior and posterior association cortex lesions. Subjects with temporal-parietal lesions showed markedly reduced P3s to all types of stimuli at all scalp locations. The reductions were largest at the parietal electrode site over the lesioned hemisphere. Parietal patients had normal P3s for all stimulus types except for contralateral shock novels, which generated reduced P3s. Frontal lesions had reductions of the novelty P3 over frontal sites with minimal changes in the target P3. The data support the existence of multiple intracranial P3 sources. The data further indicate that association cortex in the temporal-parietal junction is critical for generating the scalp-recorded target and novelty P3s, whereas dorsolateral frontal cortex contributes preferentially to novelty P3 generation. The N2 component was reduced by parietal and frontal lesions in patients who had intact target P3s, suggesting that different neural systems underlie N2 and P3 generation.

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Cortical substrates supporting visual search in humans

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Authors:

  • Mirjam Eglin

  • Lynn C. Robertson

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1991

PubMed: 1822736

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Abstract:

Serial and parallel visual search tasks were presented to patients with focal lesions in dorsolateral frontal, lateral parietal, or temporal-parietal cortex. In the unilateral display conditions, search efficiency in all patient groups was similar to the normal control group for stimuli both on the ipsi- and on the contralesional side of the displays. In contrast, in the bilateral display conditions, all patient groups showed a marked delay in initiating search on the side contralateral to the lesion as compared to normal controls. This delay was more pronounced when attention demands on the ipsilateral side increased, either by making target-distractor discrimination more difficult (serial search task), or by increasing the number of ipsilateral distractor items. The contralateral deficit was evident in all patient groups, supporting the notion that dorsolateral frontal as well as posterior parietal and temporal-parietal cortex plays a critical role in visual spatial attention.

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Normal global-local analysis in patients with dorsolateral frontal lobe lesions

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Authors:

  • Lynn C. Robertson

  • Michele Lazzara

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1991

PubMed: 1762675

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Abstract:

The role of prefrontal cortex in the analysis of global and local levels of a visual stimulus was assessed by measuring reaction time to identify a target at one level or the other. Unlike patients with temporal-parietal lesions (STG), there were no global-local performance deficits in right or left prefrontal groups (RFL or LFL). Reallocation of attention to global and local levels was measured by examining changes in performance when the probability of a target appearing at one level or the other varied. While patients with lateral parietal lesions (IPL) have been shown to have deficits in these conditions, both RFL and LFL showed normal changes in performance. In sum, the performance of prefrontal groups differed from both IPL and STG groups but not from normal controls. These results strengthen previous arguments that posterior association cortex is crucial in responding to global and local levels of a pattern.

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Differential auditory processing continues during sleep

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Authors:

  • Lynn Nielsen-Bohlman

  • Robert T. Knight

  • David L. Woods

  • Kelly Woodward

Date: 1991

PubMed: 1717233

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Abstract:

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were used to examine selective stimulus processing in sleep. In waking, repetitive stimuli generate exogenous P1, N1 and P2 components of the auditory evoked potential (AEP). Deviant stimuli generate endogenous cognitive components including the mismatch negativity (MMN), N2 and P3 components. We examined long-latency auditory evoked potentials elicited by repetitive and deviant stimuli during waking and stage II-IV sleep to assess whether stimulus deviance is detected during sleep. The waking P1, N1b and P2 had maximal amplitudes at fronto-central scalp sites, with additional peaks (N1a, N1c) at temporal sites. Deviant tones generated a frontal maximal MMN, and complex novel tones generated an additional P3 component maximal at centro-parietal sites. During stages II-IV sleep N1a, b, c amplitudes were reduced. During stage II sleep all stimuli generated increased P2 amplitudes and a late negative component (N340). Deviant stimuli generated greater P2 and N340 amplitudes than frequent stimuli in stage II sleep, as well as an additional P420 component. In stage III-IV sleep the P420 was absent and the AEP was dominated by a negativity of long duration whose amplitude increased in response to deviant stimuli. These data indicate that auditory evoked activity changes from wakefulness to sleep. The differential response to deviant sounds observed during waking and all sleep stages supports the theory that selective processing of auditory stimuli persists during sleep.

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Evoked potential studies of attention capacity in human frontal lobe lesions

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Authors:

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1991

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Abstract:

focus on EP [evoked potentials] and ERP [event-related potentials] studies of patients with frontal lobe damage frontal lobe syndromes / gating deficits / focused sustained attention deficits / phasic attention deficits (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

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P300 generation by novel somatosensory stimuli

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Authors:

  • Shuhei Yamaguchi

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1991

DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90018-Y

PubMed: 1701715

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Abstract:

Event-related potentials (ERPs) to task-relevant target and task-irrelevant novel stimuli were recorded in a somatosensory discrimination task. Subjects pressed a button to mechanical taps of the fifth finger (targets, P = 0.12), randomly interposed in sequences of taps to the second finger (standards, P = 0.76). Two types of infrequent novel stimuli were delivered; one was a mechanical tap to the third or fourth finger (tactile novels, P = 0.06), another was an electric shock at the wrist (shock novels, P = 0.06). Correctly detected targets generated a parietal maximal P300 (P3b, latency 335 msec). Shock novels generated a central maximal P300 with a shorter peak latency (298 msec) than the P3b. Tactile novels generated a P300 with a scalp distribution comparable to the shock novels. Unlike the P3b, P300 amplitude to both the shock and tactile novel stimuli habituated by 20-30% across the first several stimulus presentations. These results indicate that, similar to the auditory and visual modality, task-irrelevant novel somatosensory stimuli generate a novelty P300 ERP. Differences in scalp distribution, latency and habituation characteristics suggest that the novelty P300 may have contributions from intracranial generators independent from target P300 sources.

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Age effects on the P300 to novel somatosensory stimuli

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Authors:

  • Shuhei Yamaguchi

  • Robert T. Knight

Date: 1991

DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90184-6

PubMed: 1706251

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Abstract:

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to somatosensory task-relevant targets and task-irrelevant novel (tactile and shock) stimuli were studied in 30 subjects between the ages of 18 and 79. Target and novel P300 latencies increased linearly with age at comparable rates. P300 amplitudes and scalp topographies also changed with age. P300 amplitudes remained constant at frontal sites and decreased at central and parietal sites for both target and novel stimuli with increasing age. The current results extend the age-related novel P300 changes reported in the auditory and visual modalities to the somatosensory system. The age-related amplitude reduction at posterior scalp sites supports independent contributions of frontal and posterior association cortex to P300 generation.